A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V W

A

Abt

Abt. Associates See

ACC

Aquaculture Certification Council See

Accreditation

The act whereby a nationally recognized body approves an organization to operate an audit and registration program. See

Accreditation Body

Authoritative body for a specific standard that gives formal recognition to a certifying body or person to certify to the standard. See

ACDI-VOCA

Agriculture Cooperative Development International/Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance See

ACP

Group of 77 countries from the African, Caribbean and Pacific Region. This Group was officially established in 1975 and included 46 countries. Over time the Group has expanded to 77 members: 48 states from Africa, 15 states from the Caribbean and 14 states from the Pacific. The Group has had an important trade and aid relationship with the European Union since 1975, first through the various Lomé Agreements and since 2000 through the Cotonou Agreement. See

Action plan

Actions or recommendations to be accomplished to develop, improve or correct a program addressed to ensure the quality and safety of a product. See

aflatoxin

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi in or on foods and feeds with demonstrated carcinogenic effect, especially of aflatoxin B1, on animals and humans. See

AFNOR

Association Française de Normalisation (French Association of Standardisation) See

African Growth and Opportunity Act

A US program enabled in 2000 that grants preferential, duty-free entry to imports from eligable sub-Saharan African countries. See

AFSI

Africa Food Security Initiative See

Agricultural inputs

All materials used in primary production of fresh fruits and vegetables (for example, seeds, fertilizers, water, agro- chemicals). See

AHPA

American Herbal Products Association See

ANSI

American National Standards Institute See

APHIS

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service See

APS

Assured Produce Scheme See

ARPAN

African Rural Policy Analysis Network See

ARS

USDA Agriculture Research Service See

ASNAPP

Agribusiness and Sustainable Natural African Plant Products See

Assessment

See

ATRIP

Africa Trade and Investment Policy See

Audit

Formal check by a Certifying Body to a specific standard. See Assessment

B

B2B

Business to Business See

B2B

business-to-business See

Baseline

The established existing level of performance of an operation at the beginning of the certification process. See

Benchmarking

The process of comparing performances and processes within an industry to assess relative positions against a set of industry standards or against other industry operators recognized for best practices. See

Best practice

The highest quality, excellence, or superior practices in any given field or industry. See

BIFAD

Board for International Food and Agricultural Development See

BLE

Bundesanstalt fuer Landwirtschaft und Ernaehrung (German Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food) See

BRC

British Retail Consortium See

BSE

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis See

C

CABIO

Collaborative Agricultural Biotechnology Initiative See

CAC

Codex Alimentarius Commission See

CAFTA

Central American Free Trade Agreement See

CAP

Common Agricultural Policy See

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity See

CBI

Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (Rotterdam) See

CBNRM

Community-based natural resource management See

CCP

Critical Control Point See

CCT

Common Customs Tariff See

CDP

Cooperative Development Program See

CDR

Centre for Development Research See

CEE

Central and Eastern Europe See

CEN

Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardisation) See

Certification

A procedure in which a "third party" gives a written guarantee that a product, process or service conforms to a standard. Certification can be seen as a way by which the actors in the chain (producers-traders-consumers) relate to each other to ensure the safety and quality of a product See

Certifying Body

Organization given formal recognition to assess conformance to a specific standard. Also known as a Registrar. See

CGIAR

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research See

CIAA

Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries in the EU See

CIAT

International Center for Tropical Agriculture See

CIES

The Food Business Forum See

CIFOR

Center for International Forestry Research See

CII

Chemonics International See

CIMMYT

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center See

CIP

International Potato Center (Centro Internacional de la Papa) See

Clean water

Water that does not impair food safety in the way in which it is used. See

Cleaning

The removal of soil, food residue, dirt, grease or other objectionable matter See

COC

chain of custody See

Code of practice

Voluntary document, containing general recommendations that allow its adoption by the sector to which it is addressed. It gives general recommendations on practices and operations to implement the established objectives See

Codex Alimentarius

FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety. See

Codex Alimentarius Commission

The Codex Alimentarius Commission was created in 1963 by FAO and WHO to develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The main purposes of this Programme are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations. See

Cold chain

Maintaining suitable refrigeration temperatures throughout the handling chain of a product, to ensure its quality and safety See

COLEACP

Europe-Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Liaison Committee (Comité de Liaison Europe-Afrique- Caraïbes-Pacifique) See

COM

Common Organization of Markets See

COMESA

Common Market of East and Southern Africa See

Common Agricultural Policy

The European Union’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world. See

Compliance

A judgment that a product or service meets the requirements of a specific standard. See

Compliance

See

Composting

A controlled process in which aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms digest organic materials. See

Conformance

Meeting the required criteria of a given standard. See Compliance

Conformity requirements

Specific requirements for which conformance to principles and criteria related to specific standards are measured. See

Contaminant

Means any substance not intentionally added to food, which is present in such food as a result of the production (including operations carried out in crop husbandry, animal husbandry and veterinary medicine),manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packing, packaging, transport or holding of such food or as a result of environmental contamination. The term does not include insect fragments, rodent hairs and other extraneous matter. See

Contamination

The introduction or occurrence of a contaminant in food or food environment See

Continual improvement

A set of activities that an organization routinely carries out in order to enhance its ability to meet requirements. See

Corrective action

Steps that are taken to remove the causes of an existing nonconformity or to make quality improvements. Corrective actions address actual problems. See

COSA

Committee on Sustainability Assessment See

Countervailing measures

Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country. See

Criteria

The standards, measures, or expectations used in making an evaluation and/or verification. See

CS

Commonwealth Secretariat See

CSA

Canadian Standards Association See

CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility See

Cupping

A formal tasting of coffee following industry protocol – such as SCAA guidelines – to determine the flavor and level of defects of coffee. See Cupping Process

Cupping Process

See

D

DAI

Development Alternatives Inc. See

DAP

Defect action point analyses See

DAP

Deutsches Akkreditierungssystem Prüfwesen (German Accreditation System for Testing) See

Developed countries

A term often used to describe the industrialized nations or those countries with high per capita income. See

DFID

United Kingdon Department for International Development See

Dirty Dozen

A list of pesticides whose use has been banned or restricted primarily due to the impact on human or environmental health. See

Disinfection

The reduction, by means of chemical agents and/or physical methods, of the number of microorganisms in the environment, to a level that does not compromise food safety or suitability. See

Distortion

When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market. See

Doha Round

The round of multilateral trade negotiations begun January 2002 as a result of the consensus developed at the Doha Ministerial. Also referred to as the Doha Development Agenda. See

Domestic Support

In agriculture, any domestic subsidy or other measure that acts to maintain prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production. See Internal Support

Dumping

Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost. See

E

E&E

Europe and Eurasia See

EAC

The East African Community (EAC) is the regional intergovernmental organisation of the Republics of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Burundi and Republic of Rwanda with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. See

EC

European body that proposes legislation, is responsible for administration, and ensures that provisions of the EU’s treaties and the decisions of the EU’s institutions are properly implemented. Essentially the executive branch of the EU. The Commission has a member from each of the EU member countries. Members are selected by the President of the Commission and confirmed by the European Parliament See

Ecotourism

The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.” See

ECPA

European Crop Protection Association See

EEA

European Economic Area See

EEC

European Economic Community See

EFSA

European Food Safety Authority See

EFSIS

European Food Safety Inspection Service See

EFTA

European Free Trade Association See

EGAT

USAID Bureau of Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade See

EST

Environmentally sound technology See

EU

European Union See

EUREP

Euro-Retailer Produce Association See

EUREPGAP

European Retailer Produce Working Group Good Agricultural Practices See

Exporter

An individual or company that ships goods from one country to another in the course of trade. See

F

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations See

FARA

Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa See

FCD

French Trade and Retail Federation See

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment See

FLO

Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International See

FLP

Flower Label Program See

FMD

Foot-and-mouth disease See

FMI

Food Marketing Institute See

Focus

Desired aspects of product and production that a standard is designed to control. See

Food hygiene

Comprises conditions and measures necessary for the production, processing, storage and distribution of food designed to ensure a safe, sound, wholesome product fit for human consumption. See

Food safety

Assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use. See

Food security

Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs. See

Food suitability

Assurance that food is acceptable for human consumption according to its intended use. See

Food-borne disease

Any symptom or syndrome resulting from a disease transmitted to human beings by contaminated foods. See

FSA

United Kingdom Food Standards Agency See

FSC

Forest Stewardship Council See

FSIS

United States Food Safety and Inspection Service See

G

G20

A group of developing countries that joined together during the Cancun Ministerial in order to negotiate collectively with the US and EU, especially in seeking the elimination of developed-country agricultural subsidies. See

G33

A group of developing countries, established on the eve of the WTO ministerial in Cancun in 2003. The G33 is concerned with trade in products crucial to rural development, food security and livelihood security – generally know as “Special Products.” The group was formed to ensure that mechanisms to deal with Special Products and Special Safeguard Mechanisms (SSMs) for developing countries are included in all agricultural negotiations. See “Special Products” and “Special Safeguard Mechanisms.” See

G6

An ad hoc group of WTO members, consisting of the United States, Australia, the EU, India, Japan and Brazil, which emerged as an inner negotiating forum in the Doha Round. See

G7

Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States (plus the EU). See

G8

G7 plus Russia. See

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade See

GDP

Good Distribution Practices See

GEF

Global Environment Facility See

GFSI

Global Food Safety Initiative See

GHP

Good Hygiene Practice See

GIS

Geographical Information System See

GLP

Good Laboratory Practice See

GMO

Genetically Modified Organism See

Good Agricultural Practice

Practices of primary production improving on conventional production and handling methods, to ensure product safety, reducing the negative impact of production systems on the environment, fauna, flora and workers’ health. See

Good Management Practice

Post-harvest practices to prevent and control product safety hazards with reduced effects on the environment and on workers’ health. See

GSP

Generalised System of Preferences See

GTZ

Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) See

H

Harmonized system

An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six-digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six-digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes. See

Hazard

A biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. See

Hazard analysis

The process of collecting and evaluating information on hazards and conditions leading to their presence to decide which are significant for food safety and therefore should be addressed in the HACCP plan. See

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)

A system which identifies, evaluates and controls hazards that are significant for food safety See

I

IADB

Inter-American Development Bank See

IARC

International Agricultural Research Center See

ICARDA

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas See

ICCO

International Cocoa Organization See

ICIPE

International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology See

ICLARM

International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management See

ICM

Integrated Crop Management See

ICO

International Coffee Organization See

ICRAF

International Center for Research on Agroforestry See

ICRISAT

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics See

IEHA

Initiative to End Hunger in Africa See

IER

Institute of the Rural Economy See

IFAP

International Federation of Agriculture Producers See

IFC

International Finance Corporation See

IFDC

International Fertilizer Development Center See

IFOAM

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements See

IFPRI

International Food Policy Research Institute See

IFS

International Food Standard See

IGAD

Intergovernmental Authority on Development in Eastern Africa See

IIC

International Irrigation Center See

IICA

Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture See

IISD

International Institute for Sustainable Development See

IITA

International Institute for Tropical Agriculture See

ILO

International Labour Organisation See

ILRI

International Livestock Research Institute See

ILSI

International Life Sciences Institute See

IMF

International Monetary Fund See

Import

The act of bringing or causing any goods to be brought into a customs territory See

Inbound operator

A tour operator in the destination country. See

Integrated Pest Management

IPM is an approach to pest management that relies on comprehensive information of the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical and ecological means. See

Intellectual property rights

Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property. See

Internal Audit

Informal check conducted by a non-accredited body to verify compliance to a specific standard. See Self-Assessment

Internal Support

See

International Office of Epizootics

Deals with international standards concerning animal health. See

IOOC

International Olive Oil Council See

IPFSAPH

International Portal for Food Safety, Plant and Animal Health See

IPGRI

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute See

IPPC

International Plant Protection Convention See

IRI

Industrial Research Institute See

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute See

ISEAL

International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labelling Alliance See

ISO

International Organisation for Standardisation See

ISPM

International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures See

ITC

International Trade Centre See

ITTO

International Tropical Timber Organization See

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature See

L

LAC

Latin America and the Caribbean See

Laissez-faire

A policy of minimal governmental involvement in an economy. Generally equated with free and unrestricted trade. See

Least developed countries

The world’s poorest countries considered by the UN to be the least developed of the less developed countries in terms of per capita income, life expectancy and level of economic diversification. See

Less developed countries

A term often used to describe countries with lower per capita GDP that lack substantial amounts of industrialization, infrastructure, or sophisticated technology, but are beginning to build these capabilities. See

M

MAC

Marine Aquarium Council See

Market access

The openness of a national market to foreign products and services. Generally refers to the level of tariff and quota barriers on goods. See

MCA

Millennium Challenge Account See

MCC

Millennium Challenge Corporation See

MERCOSUR

The Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) was created by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in March 1991. The European Commission and the European Union have supported MERCOSUR from the very beginning. Since 1991, EU-MERCOSUR relationship consists of three elements: political dialogue, co-operation and trade issues. Since 1999, the EU and MERCOSUR are negotiating an Interregional Association Agreement. See

Micro-organisms

Include yeasts, fungi, bacteria and viruses. See

Modality

A way to proceed. In WTO negotiations, modalities set broad outlines — such as formulas or approaches for tariff reductions — for final commitments. See

Modes of delivery

How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons. See

Montreal Protocal

A multilateral environmental agreement dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer. See

MPS

Milieu Project Sierteelt See

MRA

Mutual Recognition Agreement See

MRL

Maximum Residue Level See

MSC

Marine Stewardship Council See

MSTQ

Measuring, Standardization, Testing and Quality See

MSU

Michigan State University See

MSU IFAS

Michigan State University Insitute for Food and Agricultural Standards See

Multilateral agreement

An agreement among more than two countries. Generally refers to agreements between all WTO members. See

N

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Association See

NARO

National Agricultural Research Organization See

NARS

National Agricultural Research Systems See

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration See

Nature tourism

Ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas. See

NEPAD

New Partnership for African Development See

NGO

Non-governmental organization See

Nonconformity

Deviation from the requirements of a standard. See

Non-tariff barriers

See

NRM

Natural resource management See

NTM

Non-Tariff Measure See

NTM

Non-tariff measures, such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc. Same as “non-tariff barriers”. See Non-tariff barriers

O

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development See

OECS

The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to economic harmonisation and integration, protection of human and legal rights, and the encouragement of good governance between countries and dependencies in the Eastern Caribbean. See

OIE

World Organization for Animal Health See

OIE

Office Internationale des Epizooties (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale/World Organisation for Animal Health) See

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

An international agency based in Paris through which 24 developed countries review international economic issues and coordinate their policies. See OECD

P

Parallel production

Any production where the same unit is growing, breeding, handling, or processing the same products in both a certified organic system and a non-certified or non-organic system. A situation with “organic” and “in conversion” production of the same product is also parallel production. Parallel production is a special instance of split production. See

Pathogen

Any micro-organism causing human diseases. See

PDO

Protected Designation of Origin See

PFID

Partnership for Food Industry Development See

PGI

Protected Geographical Indication See

PIAQ

Programme Intégré d’Amélioration de la Qualité (Integrated Programme for Quality Improvement) See

PIP

Pesticides Initiative Programme See

Potable water

Drinking water complying with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) quality regulations for potable water. See

PPM

Process and Production Methods See

Preffered country

A country that has lower rates of duty imposed on its goods or is given other preferential trade treatment by another country. See

Premium

A sum over and above a regular price paid chiefly as an inducement or incentive to conform to a given standard. See

Primary production

Those steps in the food chain up to and including, for example, harvesting, slaughter, milking and fishing. See

Procedures

Procedures control processes or activities. A well defined procedure controls a logically distinct process or activity, including the associated inputs and outputs. See

Process

A process uses resources to transform inputs into outputs. Processes can be administrative, industrial, agricultural, mechanical, etc. See

PSFM

Participatory Sustainable Forest Management Model See

PVO

Private Voluntary Organization See

Q

QA

Quality Assurance See

Quality

Characteristic that a product or service must have. See

Quality enhancement

Quality enhancement embraces activities relating to product handling to "enhance" its quality attributes using, for example, post-harvest technologies. Quality enhancement is a differentiating strategy to open market opportunities. Post-harvest only maintains and enhances primary quality, it does not make it. See

Quota

A government imposed restriction on quantity, or total value of trade in a good: usually imposed to limit imports. Quotas are typically administered with import licenses that may be auctioned, sold or directly allocated to individuals or firms. See

R

RA

Rainforest Alliance See

REDSO/ESA

Regional Economic Development Services Office for East and Southern Africa See

Registrar

Organization given formal recognition to assess conformance to a specific standard. Also known as a Certifying Body. See

Requirement

Specific and measurable criteria used to determine conformance to a standard. See

Responsible tourism

Products and destinations that seek to reduce environmental and sociocultural impact as well as deliberately including local economic interests in management decisions. See

Risk

A function of the probability of and adverse health effect and the severity of that effect, consequential to a hazard(s) in food. See

Risk analysis

A process consisting of three components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. See

RSPO

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil See

Rules of origin

Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country. See

S

SAAS

Social Accountability Accreditation Services See

SAI

Social Accountability International See

Sanitary and Phytosanitary

Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures or regulations — implemented by governments to protect human, animal and plant life and health, and to help ensure that food is safe for consumption. See

SC

Steering Committee See

SECO

State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Switzerland) See

Self-Assessment

See

SFM

sustainable forest management See

SME

Small and medium micro-enterprise See

Split Production

Where only part of the farm or processing unit is certified as organic. The remainder of the property can be (a) non-organic, (b) in conversion, or (c) organic but not certified. See

SQF

Safe Quality Food See

SRO

Sub-regional Research Organization See

Standard

A standard is a document. It is a set of rules that control how people develop and manage materials, products, services, technologies, processes, and systems. See

Standardized Sanitary Operation Procedures

Fully recorded and detailed description of cleaning and disinfection procedures to ensure their correct implementation. See

STDF

Standards and Trade Development Facility See

Subsidy

There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports. See

Sustainable tourism

According to the World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism is “leading to the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems.” See

T

TARIC

Tarif Intégré Communautaire (Integrated Community Tariff) See

Tariff binding

Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties. See

Tariff escalation

Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate. See

Tariff peaks

Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks”. See

Tariffication

Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs. See

Tariffs

Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government. See

TBT

Technical regulations and product standards may vary from country to country. Having many different regulations and standards makes life difficult for producers and exporters. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism. The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles. See

TC

Technical Committee See

Technical barrier to trade

A regulation or other requirement (for testing, labeling, packaging, marketing, certification, etc.) applied in a way that hinders imports. See

Three pillars

Refers to the three pillars of agricultural trade liberalization identified in the 2001 Doha Ministerial Declaration: (1) substantial reductions in trade-distorting domestic support; (2) phase-out, and possible elimination, of all export subsidies; and (3) substantial improvements in market access. See

Traceability

The ability to trace the history, application or location of a product and, in some cases, service by means of recorded identifications. See

Trade facilitation

Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). See

TRIPs

Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights See

TSG

Traditional Speciality Guaranteed See

TSPN

Trade Standards Practitioners Network See

Ttransparency

Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable. See

U

UEMOA

Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest Africaine See

UG

University of Guelph See

UK

United Kingdom See

UN

United Nations See

UNCCD

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification See

UNCED

United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development See

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development See

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme See

UNECE

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe See

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme See

UNIDO

United Nations Industrial Development Organization See

UNWTO

United Nations World Tourism Organization See

USAID

United States Agency for International Development See

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture See

V

Verification

Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been met. See

W

WB

World Bank Group See

WFP

World Food Program See

WHO

World Health Organisation See

WHO Class 1a Pesticides

The World Health Organization’s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard designates the hazard level of pesticides. Pesticides in class 1a are considered Extremely Hazardous. See

WHO Class 1b Pesticides

The World Health Organization’s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard designates the hazard level of pesticides. Pesticides in class 1b are considered Highly Hazardous. See

WSSD

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was an international conference to draw up a global plan of action for further implementing Agenda 21, the Earth's sustainable development blueprint. It took place in Johannesburg (South Africa) from 26 August to 4 September 2002. See

WTO

World Trade Organization See

WWF

World Wildlife Fund See

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